Organizational Response to Internal and External Challenges Research Paper

Organizational Response to Internal and External Challenges - Research Paper Example There are many challenges that are experienced by various organizations and each challenge needs its own solution - each challenge is handled differently and uniquely from others. Some of the challenges might include technological advancement, change in customers’ preference, inflation, fraud, increasing local and international competition, globalization, reducing cost structures and economic crisis among others (Cathy and Tim, 2008). Many organizations find it difficult to survive in the current business environment with its technological advancement. This means that every part of organization has to keep up the pace at which technology advances for sustainable growth and competitiveness. Although modern technology is generally considered good enough to go for, it always presents a challenge to organizations in that it comes at a higher cost of adoption and sophistication. Daft and Willmott (2010) explain that not only is the initial cost expensive but also the maintenance and running costs that make it difficult to adopt and maintain. The short lifespan of technological innovations also means that companies and organizations have to invest a great deal in updating of current technology to the most current for relevance purposes. The main reason for going the modern technological way is to offer relevant services which are compatible with the societal needs and to be cost effective in the long run. An organization should always monitor the external environment for any emerging technology that has the potential of changing the way it operates hence the basis for competition. This can help in identification of the most challenges that emerge everyday with Information Technology. Some of these technologies when adapted might mean loss of jobs for individuals for instance when the desktop came, many typists who did not update their skills lost their jobs. Ragg (2011) contends that recipients or consumers of the organizations’ goods and services also offer challenge to the organizations in terms of their change in preferences, likes and dislikes, lifestyles and opinions. For instance, consumers can prefer a product to be wrapped using a polythene material while on the other hand the cost of polythene is higher than that of paper to discourage its use due to environmental concerns. The options left for the business is using the polythene wrapper then increase the price of thei r product or to continue using non polythene materials and maintain the commodity price while risking loss of customers. In case such an organization responds by adopting the first option, then the external environment will surfer by receiving non-biodegradable materials. Consumers will also experience high cost of the product which can mean that the organization may lose some of them to its rivals because of inability to cope with the increased cost. Local and international competition also presents a challenge to many organizations. Organizations with the same mission and aim and which offer the same goods and services are likely to compete with one another because each believes in itself and that it is the best or it can be the best among the pack. Once one

Collaborating to Expand the Pipeline Essay Example for Free

Collaborating to Expand the Pipeline Essay Affirmative action is a policy that is aimed at providing positive measures to remedy effects of past discrimination against members of certain groups (Clayton Crosby 1992, p.2). One of the areas that suffer underrepresentation of the diverse, underrepresented individuals and minority group in colleges is the laws schools and subsequently in the legal profession. The questioned posed is â€Å"Is affirmative action the best solution to alleviating this crisis or is it the major cause together with other practices that have contributed to these underrepresentation?                     First of all is the admission procedure. Admission selection considers those with a bachelor’s degree for an accredited university or college. Few underrepresented minority students are able to attend college and obtain the relevant qualifications. Moreover, there are disparities in number of applicants and the number who get enrolled. For example in 2000, 74500 individuals submitted their application to ABA- approved school and an estimate of 67% of the total were admitted (ABA/ LSAC Pre-Conference Report, 2005, p, 4). This illustrates a flaw in the acceptance procedure that focus on higher merit in which its well document trend that underrepresented minorities score less on the Law Schools Admission Test (LSAT).                   Secondly the individual state bar exams are a severe impediment. â€Å"While the LSAT remains a reliable predictor of success in law school and the Law School Admission Council (makers of the LSAT), warn against over-reliance on numerical qualifiers alone† (ABA/ LSAC Pre-Conference Report, 2005, p, 5). Raised cut off points detriment the minorities who are disproportionately at the bottom in addition the bars are also misapplied. The percentage of residents in a state should have a proportionate percentage at the law school. The lack of a national bar does also contribute to this issue.                      The above two examples illustrate why affirmative action is needed in leveling admissions. Higher merit and higher cut off points are serving to lock out minority groups from accessing law education. In coming up with a criteria for selection, the selection board should put into consideration performance of minority groups which is at the lower end of the spectrum.                   Terry Eastland suggests that affirmative action promotes discrimination. He argues that there is nothing like positive or negative discrimination. In Higher education for example, when the institution sets a lower grade for color students, the act in itself creates discrimination. These groups of students who will be enrolled under affirmative action are well aware that they are in that position due to their race. It is a negative experience that is not easy to erase. Sometimes attitudes from the majority students will affect the students from the minority. The majority students may not look at the minority as equals.                   Affirmative action leads to stigma. Eastland says that very few people are aware of the abilities and potential of the marginalized groups. In this case they are likely to be less respected and less valued. This can end up psychologically affecting these groups and it can be worsened if they fail to perform. Terry end believes that an environment should an equal working basis. If students have to be enrolled for higher education, it should be based on merit and not race. This will create an equal working environment of mutual relationship.                  Furthermore, Eastland equates ‘Affirmative action’ to ‘lower standards’. The rationale of having a policy that sets asides positions after a normal criterion creates a barrier between quality and less quality. By having this policy, institutions are accepting that results posted from minority groups are of lesser quality and lesser magnitude to that from the majority. Policy makers argue that the minority are affected by certain factors that make them not to equal results of the majority. It then beats logic that it would be easier resolving factors that make minority perform lesser than providing a criterion that guarantee certain results.                  Terry Eastland comments and views in regard to affirmative action tend to disapprove use of affirmative action against underrepresentation based on color. His views do not factor underrepresentation due to gender. However the logic behind his reasons and those of other scholars can equally be equated to affirmative action on gender and sex segregation                  Gender affirmative actions have shown to improve the status of women in the society. In fact advocates for gender affirmative actions have sprung from various women activists and organizations. Women have gained access to representations in legislative organs, various courses in colleges that stereotypically were set for men. However it is urged that continuous paying attention to a group of people will result in then differences becoming more salient than the commonalities among people (Clayton Crosby 1992, p.11). This statement thus emphasizes Terry Eastland’s arguments against affirmative action.                To conclude, the benefits of affirmative action are actually visible. Moving forward however, the fundamental principles of affirmative action seem to have been overtaken with time. Putting into consideration Terry Eastland arguments in regard to affirmative action, the negatives of affirmative action outweigh the positives. Affirmative action has led to lower productivity, increased segregation and stigmatization. The call to end affirmative actions thus is justified. References Clayton, Susan D, and Faye J. Crosby. Justice, Gender, and Affirmative Action. Ann Arbor, Mich: Univ. of Michigan Press, 1992. Print. Law Schools Admission Council. Pre Conference Report (2005) Collaborating to Expand the Pipeline. Retrieved from http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/migrated/op/pipelineconf/PipelinePostReport.authcheckdam.pdf Source document

Very Large Telescope and NACO Instrumentation

Very Large Telescope and NACO Instrumentation This report describes the Very Large Telescope array in Chile, the VLT consists of four Unit Telescopes with main mirrors of 8.2m diameter and four movable Auxiliary Telescopes with main mirrors of 1.8m diameter. One of the Unit Telescopes, UT 4, is discussed in more detail, specifically its location, mounting, optics, the range and focus locations and the available instruments. The last part of the report is an example of an observation planning to image the Becklin-Neugebauer (BN) object with the NACO S13 camera and K band filter. Introduction The Very Large Telescope array (VLT) is at this moment the worlds most advanced optical instrument (1), the VLT is located on the Paranal Observatory, see Figure 1, in the Atacama desert Northern Chile (70 ° 24 11 West; 24 °3731 South). The Paranal mountain is probably the best site for astronomical observations in the southern hemisphere, with e.g a humidity of 5-20% and a maximum rainfall of about 100 mm per year. The observatory is divided into two areas, a telescope platform at the top of the mountain at an altitude of 2635 meters. and a base camp at the foot at an altitude of 2360 m. The observations take place at the telescope platform, the base camp contains staff quarters, maintenance facilities, including a visitorscentre for the public. Overview of the VLT The VLT consists of four identical Unit Telescopes (UT) with main mirrors of 8.2m diameter and four movable 1.8m diameter Auxiliary Telescopes, located on the telescope platform, see Figure 2 . The Unit Telescopes are Ritchey-Chrà ©tien telescopes, they can operate in Cassegrain, Nasmyth or Coudà © focus. The four Unit Telescope have an altitude-azimuth (alt-az) mounting (2). The Unit Telescopes have fixed locations, the Auxiliary Telescopes can be repositioned on 30 different stations, the UT and AT telescopes can be used in several different modes: independent telescope mode combined coherent mode or VLT interferometer (VLTI) combined incoherent mode In the independent telescope mode each UT is used separately, in the combined coherent mode the UT and AT telescopes work together, in groups of two or three, to form a giant interferometer giving an angular resolution equivalent to a telescope with a diameter of 200 meters and in the combined incoherent mode the four UTs are combined providing the total light collecting power of a 16-metre single telescope. For the four Unit Telescopes, names of objects in the sky in the Mapuche language were chosen and they are now known as Antu (UT1, The Sun ), Kuyen (UT2, The Moon ), Melipal (UT3, The Southern Cross ), and Yepun (UT4, Venus as evening star). Unit Telescope 4 (Yepun), see Figure 3 is discussed in more detail in the next section The VLT instruments includes large-field imagers, adaptive optics corrected cameras and spectrographs, high-resolution and multi-object spectrographs operating at wavelengths ranging from deep ultraviolet (0.3 nm) to mid-infrared (24  µm). With these instruments important data can be collected for a large range of research topics such as: formation and evolution of galaxies search for extra-solar planetary systems distances to galactic Cepheids circumstellar disks around young stellar objects active galactic nuclei stellar evolution fundamental parameters of the Universe Unit Telescope 4 Optical set-up Unit Telescope 4 can operate in four foci two Nasmyth, one Cassegrain and one Coudà © focus (2), for the optical lay-out, including the eight mirrors (M1 to M8) and the main dimensions see Figure 4. Light is collected by the primary mirror M1 and concentrated by the secondary mirror M2 either to the Cassegrain focus below the primary mirror or to one of the two Nasmyth foci, at the side of the telescope. In the Nasmyth configuration the optical layout is of the Ritchey-Chrà ©tien type, the Cassegrain focus however is not of the Ritchey-Chrà ©tien type, changing between the two foci means repositioning of the secondary mirror and changing the curvature of the primary mirror. By transferring one Nasmyth focus to another location in the telescope basement the Coudà © focus is obtained (mirror M4 to M8), from the Coudà © focus the light can be sent to the combination mode focus or to the interferometric focus. The Coudà © focus is located below the main telescope structure. The primary mirror (M1) The 8.2 m primary mirror of UT4 is made of Zerodur and is 175 mm thick the shape is actively controlled by means of 150 axial forces actuators, the mirror has a central hole of about 1.0 m. .Zerodur is a glass-ceramic made by Schott Glaswerke AG (Mainz, Germany). The secondary mirror (M2) The secondary mirror is a convex hyperbolic mirror made of Beryllium with an external diameter of 1.12 metres and a thickness of 50 mm. By changing the position and orientation of the mirror it is possible to correct some optical aberration of the telescope (defocus and decentring coma) and to change the pointing . The secondary mirror is supported by the M2 Unit at the top of the telescope and reflects the light from the M1 mirror towards the M3 plane mirror The optical quality depends on the mode of the mirror, if the mirror is in the active mode (active optics correction in operation) , the Central Intensity Ratio is larger than or equal to 0.98, with an atmospheric coherence length of 250 mm at a wavelength 500 nm. In the passive mode, active optics correction not in operation, the root mean square (RMS) slope error of the surface of the mirror is less than 0.7 arcsec. The tertiary mirror (M3) The tertiary mirror is flat and elliptically shaped (890x1260mm2), the mirror is made of Zerodur and produced by Schott Glaswerke AG. In Nasmyth configuration, see Figure 5, the M3 mirror deflects the light beams towards the scientific instruments located at one or the other Nasmyth focus. In Cassegrain configuration, Figure 5, the M3 mirror assembly is remotely flipped in towed position, parallel to the axis of M3 Tower. Mirror M4 to M8 ( the Coudà © train) The Coudà © Train is based on a combination of cylindrical and spherical mirrors, the light is sent to the Coudà © Train by mirror 4 (M4) a concave cylindrical mirror in front of the Nasmyth adapter. Relay optics provide an image of the sky at the Coudà © focus, the relay optics consists of the following mirrors: M5 a concave spherical mirror (R = 8975 mm) M6 a concave cylindrical mirror (R = 290,000 mm) , the cylinder direction is rotated by 90 ° with respect to M4 M7 a concave spherical mirror ( R = 5176.2mm) M8 a flat mirror. Technical description The telescope mounting of Unit Telescope 4 (3) is altitude-azimuth (alt-az), the telescope tube moves around a horizontal axis (the altitude axis ), the two bearings which support the telescope tube are mounted on a fork rotating around a vertical axis (the azimuth axis) The telescope tube is a steel structure, supporting at the bottom the primary mirror (M1) , and at the top the M2 Unit, with the secondary mirror, by metallic beams (spiders). Unit Telescope 4 is protected by an enclosure, this enclosure also provides access for operation and maintenance to certain areas of the telescope and a protection against the wind during observations. The telescope is mounted on a concrete foundation, the telescope pier. The geographical coordinates of UT4 are: latitude 24 ° 37 31.000 South and longitude 70  ° 24 08.000 West The structure of Unit Telescope 4 consists of a large number subassemblies and parts see Figure 6 , some of the main assemblies are: the tube structure with the M2 spiders which hold the M2 unit . the fork structure with two Nasmyth platforms that support the Nasmyth instyruments. the Coudà © tube that provides the interface to the Coudà © mirror units. azimuth tracks which support the fork structure. an azimuth platform which provides access for the Cassegrain instrument. Specifications Adaptive and active optics UT4 has adaptive optics (AO) correction both at Nasmyth and at Cassegrain foci, UT4 is also equipped with a sodium laser guide star facility for active optics. For the non-AO telescope operation the Central Intensity Ratio (CIR) quantifies the image quality. A high CIR implies high signal throughput, high contrast and small image size. The peak signal in the long-exposure point spread function is given by (4): Equation where is ta the transmissivity of the atmosphere, r0 the coherent wave-front size, tt the transmissivity of the telescope optics, D the diameter of the telescope and CIR the Central Intensity Ratio. The Central Intensity Ratio defined by : Equation where y0 is the Strehl ratio of the telescope. (Strehl ratio is the ratio of peak diffraction intensities of an aberrated wavefront versus a perfect wavefront). The optical quality specification is that the Central Intensity Ratio CIR = 0.82 with a coherent wave-front of size r0 = 500 mm (seeing angle 0.2 arcsec) at = 500 nm. Field of view The total field of view (FOV) for UT4 in the Cassegrain focus is 15 arcmin, in the Nasmyth focus 30 arcmin and in the Coudà © focus 1 arcmin. Atmospheric dispersion The atmospheric dispersion is corrected up to zenith angles of 50 ° for instruments requiring high image and spectrophotometric quality. Pointing and tracking UT4 is able to get any target to within 70 ° zenith distance in less than 3 minutes. Offset pointing of 45 ° and 60 ° in altitude and azimuth respectively is possible within 35 seconds, to within 0.1 arcsec accuracy. UT4 tracks better than 0.05 arcsec RMS over a period of 15 seconds without using guide-star position information, and over a one hour period when using guide-star tracking. Zenith distance The UT4 can operate at zenith distances ranging from 0.5 ° to 70 °, obstruction by adjacent enclosures is limited to zenith angles larger than 60 °. Instrumentation The instruments that are mounted on Unit Telescope 4 are shown in table 1. HAWK-I HAWK-I is a near-infrared (0,85 2.5 µm) wide-field imager installed at the Nasmyth A focus of UT4 , the operating temperature of the instrument is 120 K, operating temperature of the detectors is of 80 K (3). HAWK-I has 10 observing filters placed in two filter wheels: Y, J, H, Ks , 6 narrow-band filters Brg, CH4, H2 and three cosmological filters at 1.061, 1.187, and 2.090  µm. SINFONI SINFONI is a near-infrared (1-2.5  µm) integral field spectrograph installed at the Cassegrain focus of UT4. The spectrograph works with 4 gratings J, H, K, H+K with spectral resolutions of R is 2000, 3000 and 4000, corresponding to the J, H and K gratings respectively, and R is1500 with the H+K grating. The resolution power R of a spectrograph is given by : Equation where c is the velocity of light and dv the radial velocity . NACO (NAOS + CONICA) The Nasmyth Adaptive Optics System (NAOS) and the High Resolution Near IR Camera (CONICA) are installed at the Nasmyth B focus of UT4. NACO provides adaptive-optics corrected imaging, polarimetry, spectroscopy, and coronagraphy in the 1-5 ÃŽÂ ¼m range. The NACO instrumentation will be discussed in more detail in the next section. Laser Guide Star The Laser Guide Star is an artificial source, a 4W CW Sodium Laser (589 nm) will be used for this. The laser beam is focussed at an altitude of 90 km, at that height an atomic sodium layer is present which backscatters the spot image, producing an artificial star with a magnitude range from 11 mag. to 14 mag. NACO instrumentation Instrument characteristics NAOS NAOS is an adaptive optics (AO) system that has been designed to work with natural guide stars (NGS) and moderately extended sources , NAOS can also use the laser guide star facility (LGSF) and a natural tip-tilt source (TTS) to provide adaptive optics correction (3). NAOS gives a turbulence corrected f/15 beam and a 2 arcmin field of view to CONICA. Two off-axis parabolas re-image the telescope pupil on the deformable mirror and the Nasmyth focal plane on the entrance focal plane of CONICA. A dichroic-filter splits the light between CONICA and the wave front sensor, a field selector is placed after the wave front sensor input focus to select the reference object for wave front sensing, see Figure 7. NAOS has two wavefront sensors one visible light and one near-IR sensor , the two sensors are of the Shack-Hartmann type. It is possible to select an off-axis natural guide star within a 110 arcsec diameter field of view (FOV). NAOS allows wave front sensing with faint natural guide stars and extended objects, observations of very bright objects are possible with the visible wave front sensor using neutral density filters. CONICA CONICA is an infra-red (IR) (1 5 ÃŽÂ ¼m) imager and spectrograph which is fed by NAOS. CONICA is capable of imaging, long slit spectroscopy, simultaneous differential imaging (SDI), coronagraphy, polarimetry , with a large range of plate scales, filters and masks. The CONICA detector is a InSb Aladdin 3 array, the parameters of the array are: format 1026 ´1024 pixels pixel size 27 µm dark current 0.05-0.15 ADUs-1 pixel-1 wavelength range 0.8-5.5  µm Quantum efficiency 80-90 % The detector has three readout modes and four detector modes .The readout modes refer to the way the array is read out, the read our modes are : Uncorr The array is reset and then read once, used for situations when the background is high. The minimum detector integration time (DIT) is 0.1750 seconds. Double_RdRstRd The array is read, reset and read again, used for situations when the background is intermediate between high and low. The minimum DIT is 0.3454 seconds. FowlerNsamp The array is reset, read four times at the beginning of the integration ramp and four times again at the end of the integration ramp. Each time a pixel is addressed, it is read four times. This is used for situations when the background is low. The minimum DIT is 1.7927 seconds. The detector mode refers to the setting of the array bias voltage, four modes have been defined: HighSensitivity, HighDynamic, HighWellDepth and HighBackground. HighSensitivity has the fewest hot pixels, but it has the smallest well depth, this mode is used for long integrations in low background situations. HighBackground has the largest well depth but has many more hot pixels, this mode is used in high background situations . S13 camera CONICA is equipped with several cameras such as S13, S27, S54, the characteristics of camera S13 are; scale 13.221 ± 0.017 mas/pixel, field of view (FoV)14 ´14 arcsec and spectral range 1.0-2.5  µm. Available filters for the S13 camera are broad- and narrowband filters in the 1-2.5  µm region, Information on the broadband filters can be found in table 1. Unit Telescope 4 parameters Example observation planning The observation planning contains the next subjects (5): target scientific goal visibility period of target required observing conditions seeing atmospheric transparency lunar illumination required observing time list of required instruments, modes and configurations Target The chosen observation target is the Becklin-Neugebauer (BN) object located in the Orion Nebula Cluster, coordinates; right ascension (RA) 05h 35 m 14s.117 and declination (D) -05 ° 2222.90, epoch 2000.0, Scientific goal The Becklin-Neugebauer object was discovered as a bright 2 ÃŽÂ ¼m infra-red source (10) by Becklin and Neugebauer in 1967 (11), about 45 in projection from the Trapezium stars of the Orion Nebula Cluster, at a distance of ~ 450 pc. The Becklin-Neugebauer object together with the Kleinmann-Low nebula (KL) is part of the Orion Molecular Cloud 1 (OMC-1) region, a high-mass star formation region in the Orion constellation. In 2004 Shuping, Morris and Bally (8) discovered, at 12.5 µm, an arc of emission associated with the BN object, the so-called BN SW arc. The nature of this SW arc is still unknown, it may be externally heated gas or dust by UV radiation or is possibly a compressed shell created by an outflow or jet from BN. The BN SW arc is an interesting feature that needs further investigations both imaging and spectroscopy at other wavelengths to determine its true nature. Required observing conditions Seeing/airmass Seeing is defined as the image full width half maximum (FWHM )in arcsec ,the seeing values are 0.8and 1.2 at Zenith. Airmass quantifies the effects of all atmospheric processes, these atmospheric effects will be minimum when radiation travels vertically through the atmosphere, in this case z = 1. During the observation period the airmass ranges between z = 1.0 and z = 1.5 see table A, appendix 1, average airmass z = ~1,2. Atmospheric transparency During the observation period there should be no visible clouds and the transparency variations should be less than 2%. Lunar illumination Lunar illumination (FLI) is defined as the fraction of the lunar disk that is illuminated at local (Chile) civil midnight, where 1.0 is fully illuminated. Dark time corresponds to moon illumination less than 0.4, so the best time to observe the target is when the moon is new, see subsection 7.4. Visibility period of target To calculate the visibility of the target I have used the local sidereal time equation: Equation where LST = local sidereal, HA = hour angle and RA = right ascension. RA of BN-object = 05h 35 m 14s.117 = 5.587 hr. , on 21 March RA = 12hr is on the meridian at local midnight. RA = 5.587 hr will be on the meridian at local midnight about (5.587-12.0)ÃÆ'-30/2 = ~ 96 days =~ 3 months earlier . Thus the target will be well placed in November 2011 and December 2011. New Moon is on 25 November 2011 and 24 December 2011, so the best dates to observe the BN- object will be 22-27 November and 22-26 December 2011, see table B, appendix 2. The chosen observation period is the night of 24/25 December 2011, between 22hr and 2hr local time. Required observing time Angular resolution The theoretical angular limit of resolution is given by: Equation where l = wavelength, D = aperature diameter The wavelength of the K-filter is l = 2.18  µm, so the resolution is The resolution however is limited by atmospheric turbulence to where r0 is the Fried parameter. The Fried parameter is directly linked to the strength of the turbulence and it depends on the wavelength as: Equation for average observing conditions, r0 is about 0.6 m at 2.2 ÃŽÂ ¼m. Seeing disk The angular diameter of the seeing disk is Equation so for l = 2.18  µm and r0 = 0.6 m Area of seeing disk: Exposure time Exposure time Equation where: t = integration time r = signal to noise ratio f = flux transmitted by atmosphere fsky = sky background flux a = area of seeing disc A = effective area of telescope UT4 Q = quantum efficiency l = flux of the BN object l = wavelength = 5.510-7 m h = Plancks constant = 6.6310-34 J c = velocity of light = 3.0108 ms-1 The adopted signal to noise ratio S/N = r = 5. The flux transmitted by the atmosphere f = 1.0, see figure 3.2 NACO User Manual (3) The liming sky background magnitude is 13.0 mag (3), the sky background flux Equation Area of seeing disk a = 0.442 arcsec Effective area of UT4 Quantum efficiency Q = 0.85 The magnitude of the BN object corrected for extinction mv = 5.2 mag (11), the extinction in the V passband Av = ~18 mag. (8) so the apparent magnitude of the BN object m = 23.2 mag. Flux /magnitude conversion Equation The flux of the BN object is The exposure time for the BN object is: t = 639 sec. The exposure time calculated with ETC is 122,320 seconds !? , see appendix 4 table D. List of required instruments, modes and configurations The required telescope to observe the BN object is UT4 with the NACOS instrumentation. The NAOS with natural guide star, the CONICA imager with camera S13 and broadband filter K (2.18 mm). The chosen detector readout mode is FowlerNsamp and not Double_RdRstRd because the intergration time is larger than 60 seconds. Guide star id. 0477400932, RA 05hr 35m 16s.41, Dec -05 ° 23 23.0 magnitude 5.00 see table C, appendix 3, Conclusion The Very Large Telescope array is at this moment the most advanced optical instrument and the most productive individual ground-based observatory in the world. The instrumentation programme is the most ambitious programme for a single observatory and because of to the outstanding angular resolution and the use of adaptive optics VLT opens a new era of discoveries. Bibliography/References ESO http://www.eso.org/sci/facilities/paranal Giacconi R. The VLT White Book ESO http://www.eso.org/public/products/books/vlt_whitebook/ Girard J. et al. Very Large Telescope NACO Users Manual Do. No.: VLT-MAN-ESO-14200-2761 Date 12-02-2010 http://www.eso.org/sci/facilities/paranal/instruments/naco/doc/VLT-MAN-ESO-14200-2761_v86.0.pdf Dierickx P., et al The VLT primary mirrors: mirror production and measured performance http://www.eso.org/sci/facilities/paranal/telescopes/ut/m1unit.html de Zeeuw T. Call for Proposals ESO Period 87 30 August 2010 http://www.eso.org/sci/observing/proposals/CfP87.pdf Moorwood A. Astronomical News Report on the Conference Science with the VLT in the ELT Era Held in Garching, Germany 8-12 October 2007 Minchin N.R. et al Near-infrared imaging polarimetry of bipolar Nebulae-I. The BN-KL region of OMC-1 Mon. Not. R. astr. Soc.(1991) 248,715-729 Shuping R. Y., Morris M. and Bally J. A new mid-infra red map of the BN/KL  Region using the Keck telscope  The Astronomical Journal, 128:363-374, 2004 July Sansom A. UVOIR Astronomy AA2053  University of Central Lancashire , 2010 Tan J. The Becklin-Neugebauer Object as runaway B star  ejected 4000 years ago from the q1C system. The Astrophysical Journal Letters  11-12-2001  http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0401552v2 Robberto M. et al The Orion Nebula in the mid-infrared  The Astronomical Journal, 129:000-000  2005 March Becklin E.E., Neugebauer G. Observations of an infrared star in the Orion  Nebula  California Institute of Technology  Pasadena, California  September 12,1966 http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1967ApJ147..799B Testor G. et al VLT/NACO near-infrared imaging and  spectroscopy of N159-5 in the LMC HII complex N159  Astronomy Astrophysics  469, 459-469 (2007) Appendices Appendix 1 Hourly airmasses for 05 35 14.12 -05 22 22.90 Paranal Observatory (VLT) Sat, December 24, 2011 *** Hourly airmass for Target *** Epoch 2000.00: RA 5 35 14.1, dec -5 22 23 Epoch 2011.98: RA 5 35 49.5, dec -5 21 57 At midnight: UT date 2011 Dec 25, Moon 0.00 illum, 151 degr from obj Local UT LMST HA secz par.angl. SunAlt MoonAlt HelCorr 22 00 1 00 2 31 -3 05 1.502 -118.5 -4.27 22 30 1 30 3 01 -2 35 1.341 -121.5 -4.32 23 00 2 00 3 31 -2 04 1.229 -126.1 -4.38 23 30 2 30 4 01 -1 34 1.152 -132.8 -4.43 0 00 3 00 4 32 -1 04 1.101 -142.9 -4.50 0 30 3 30 5 02 -0 34 1.071 -157.8 -4.56 1 00 4 00 5 32 -0 04 1.059 -177.2 -4.62 1 30 4 30 6 02 0 26 1.066 162.7 -4.69 2 00 5 00 6 32 0 56 1.090 146.5 -4.75 Table A: Hourly airmasss during observation period. SkyCalc provided by courtesy of John Thorstensen, Dartmouth College. [emailprotected] http://www.eso.org/sci/observing/tools/calendar/observability.html Appendix 2 Observability for 05 35 14.117 -05 22 22.90 Paranal Observatory (VLT) RA dec: 5 35 14.1, -5 22 23, epoch 2000.0 Site longlat: +4 41 36.8 (h.m.s) West, -24 37 30 North. Shown: local eve. date, moon phase, hr ang and sec.z at (1) eve. twilight, (2) natural center of night, and (3) morning twilight; then comes number of nighttime hours during which object is at sec.z less than 3, 2, and 1.5. Night (and twilight) is defined by sun altitude Date (eve) moon eve cent morn night [emailprotected]: HA sec.z HA sec.z HA sec.z 2011 Oct 11 F -8 54 down -4 28 2.5 -0 02 1.1 4.7 3.9 3.0 2011 Oct 26 N -7 45 down -3 31 1.7 +0 42 1.1 5.4 4.6 3.8 2011 Nov 10 F -6 33 down -2 32 1.3 +1 29 1.1 6.2 5.4 4.5 2011 Nov 24 N -5 25 5.7 -1 34 1.2 +2 17 1.3 7.0 6.2 5.3 2011 Dec 9 F -4 13 2.2 -0 29 1.1 +3 15 1.6 7.4 7.2 6.1 2011 Dec 24 N -3 05 1.5 +0 37 1.1 +4 19 2.4 7.4 7.0 6.1 2012 Jan 8 F -2 02 1.2 +1 44 1.2 +5 30 6.3 6.8 6.0 5.1 Table B: Observability of Becklin-Neugebauer object SkyCalc provided by courtesy of John Thorstensen, Dartmouth College. [emailprotected] http://www.eso.org/sci/observing/tools/calendar/observability.html Appendix 3 ESO GSC Online Server Query Result Center: RA: 05:35:14.117 DEC: -05:22:22.90 Search radius: 20 arcminutes nr gsc_id ra (2000) dec mag mu d pa 1 0477400932 05 35 16.41 -05 23 23.0 5.00 F; 1.15 150 2 0477400931 05 35 16.47 -05 23 22.8 5.09 F; 1.16 150 3 0477400933 05 35 22.83 -05 24 57.8 5.09 F; 3.37 140 4 0477400871 05 35 17.10 -05 23 40.6 5.51 F; 1.49 150 5 0477400934 05 35 26.27 -05 24 58.2 6.40 F; 3.98 131 6 0477400930 05 35 17.16 -05 23 12.7 6.69 F; 1.12 138 7 0477801369 05 35 54.09 -05 37 43.2 7.09 T; 18.28 147 8 0477400906 05 35 31.37 -05 16 02.7 7.19 T; 7.65 34 9 0477400906 05 35 31.26 -05 16 02.0 7.58 T; 7.65 34 10 0477801369 05 35 53.99 -05 37 42.1 7.74 T; 18.25 147 11 0477400935 05 35 31.33 -05 25 14.1 8.18 F; 5.15 124 12 0477400915 05 35 06.10 -05 12 15.5 8.28 F; 10.32 349 13 0477400809 05 34 46.89 -05 34 14.3 8.30 F; 13.66 210 14 0477400849 05 35 09.73 -05 27 52.6 8.53 F; 5.60 191 15 0477400823 05 34 55.20 -05 30 21.7 9.04 F; 9.27 211 16 0477400867 05 35 58.44 -05 22 31.0 9.11 F; 11.03 91 17 0477400855 05 36 27.09 -05 24 31.0 9.28 F; 18.29 97 18 0477400792 05 34 42.19 -05 07 14.2 9.39 T; 17.10 332 19 0477400894 05 35 34.18 -05 06 20.9 9.45 F; 16.79 17 20 0477400830 05 35 18.12 -05 03 54.5 9.48 F; 18.50 3 21 0477400792 05 34 42.19 -05 07 14.3 9.55 T; 17.10 332 22 0477400890 05 35 31.28 -05 33 08.5 9.74 F; 11.58 158 23 0477400829 05 35 35.71 -05 12 20.5 9.78 F; 11.39 28 24 0477400877 05 35 21.17 -05 09 15.7 9.79 F; 13.24 8 25 0477400812 05 35 00.05 -05 25 15.7 9.85 F; 4.53 231 26 0477400878 05 34 52.14 -05 33 08.1 9.96 F; 12.06 207 27 0477400810 05 34 49.89 -05 18 44.4 9.96 F; 7.04 301 gsc 1.0 25/Sep/1995. ESO/ST-ECF Archive| ESO| ST-ECF| Help| Search Send comments to HYPERLINK http://archive.eso.org/comments/[emailprotected]/Page:/cgi-bin/gsc. Table C: Guide stars Becklin-Neugebauer object

DNA Analysis: Validity And Doubts :: essays research papers

DNA : Criminal Identification Validity and Doubts   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  DNA, although controversial on accuracy, has provided a new means of identifying criminals where there is little physical evidence. This allows you to take a piece of hair, a spot of blood, or skin tissue and make a positive identification on a suspect. Since it's first use by the FBI in December 1988 it has grown to become a major factor in criminal investigation. This new key gives them help when the crime scene lacks evidence. DNA evidence also allows detectives to narrow down suspects and keep innocent people from being prosecuted.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1990 the FBI began development of a national DNA identification index. The FBI has received over 10,000 submissions of DNA evidence from police agencies and DNA evidence has been used in over 500 cases throughout the United States. The FBI performs testing for free to all police agencies to help keep costs down in prosecuting criminals. More than 50 laboratories perform DNA analysis around the US. The chances of two people having the same DNA profile is 1 in 50,000 all the way to 1 in 5 million according to scientists estimates.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  DNA controls all our inheritable information like eye color, hair color, skin color, etc. DNA differs in all people except for identical twins. All cellular matter contains DNA: this includes white blood cells, bone cells, tissue cells, spermatozoa, and hair root cells. Adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine are the building blocks of DNA strands which make up the letters of a genetic code. In certain regions of a DNA strand the sequence of genetic code is unique which allows scientists to identify an individual and exclude others.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The FBI, Cellmark, and Lifecodes are the 3 major laboratories that courts accept DNA profiles from. As estimated by the FBI, the chances of two DNA samples being the same is as low as one in a trillion. Critics of DNA say that the FBI has falsely applied theories of population biology behind it's calculations, so courtrooms make DNA seem inaccurate. More than half the states have a mandatory DNA testing of all people convicted of sexual charges and violent offenses, to help in future criminal investigations. Although some people say that this is an invasion of privacy, it's a good way to prosecute repeat offenders and find suspects when only DNA evidence is available.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As accurate as DNA profiling is, there are still many questions about the

Food technology portfolio sac paper Essay

To demonstrate satisfactory completion of Unit 3, Outcome 3, you must present evidence of the development of a design brief, evaluation criteria and a design plan. This document is a framework for the development of the SAT. It provides a step-by-step approach to completing all of the components of the task so that you are able to complete all of the assessment criteria to the highest level. The task is more manageable if you type all your documents as you go. This will save a lot of time and make it easier to incorporate corrections from your draft. When setting up a new folder for your SAT on your computer, separate folders for individual components of the task. However, it is recommended that the research and the production notes for each individual food item are prepared in the one document. This will enable you to ensure that the footnoting in this document is sequential. REMEMBER TO SAVE YOUR WORK IN MORE THAN ONE PLACE AND TO BACK-UP YOUR WORK EACH TIME YOU WORK ON THE TASK. As you undertake research, remember to record all sources of information you have used and footnote any material that is directly cited or copied. Start you bibliography as soon as you begin your work on the SAT. More information about citing reference and writing your bibliography will appear later in the booklet. It is always helpful to proof read your draft to pick up mistakes 4 Unit 3 / 4 Food and Technology SAT 2012 Criteria for Assessment Unit 3: Food preparation, processing and food controls Area of study 3: Developing a design plan Outcome 3: Develop a design brief, evaluation criteria and a design plan for the development of a food product. Unit 4: Food product development and emerging tends Area of study 1: Implementing a design plan Outcome 1: Safely and hygienically implement the production plans for a set of four to six food items that comprise the product, evaluate the sensory properties of the food items, evaluate the product using the evaluation criteria, and evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of production activities. Criteria 1: Design Brief and Evaluation Criteria Criteria 3. Skill in developing a design brief and evaluation criteria ? Skill in developing a design brief including context and specifications (considerations and constraints) ? Skill in developing relevant evaluation criteria that relate to the design brief context and specifications. Very High Comprehensive, coherent and relevant information is provided in a very well structured design brief with a clear and thorough description of the context. The specifications in the design brief (considerations and constrains) are very clearly identified. A range of very clearly expressed, relevant evaluation criteria reflect all the information contained in the design brief context and specifications. 5 Design Brief: ? clearly defines the context, aims and intentions of a new product? includes specifications – considerations and constraints – that need to be taken into account when making decisions in relation to the design of the new product ? Must be a problem that the student will attempt to solve ? must be developed and written by the student (not by the teacher) ? must allow students to demonstrate key knowledge and skills. There is no word limit on the length of the design brief. The VCAA has a PowerPoint presentation ‘In the beginning – Developing an effective School-assessed Task design brief’ available at www.vcaa. vic. edu. au/vce/studies/foodtech/foodtechindex. html Example: www. vcaa. vic. edu. au/vce/studies/foodtech/foodtechindex. html Of all the sports I have ever played, surfing is without doubt my favourite. I really can’t remember a time when I haven’t been able to surf. My Nan and Pa have had a house at Torquay since I was just a toddler and so we have spent most weekends there every summer. My Pa was one of the original ‘surfies’ at Jan Juc and other beaches along the surf coast and he taught me to surf when I was really young. Two of my friends from school, Ben and Sam, are also keen surfers and so we have decided to head to the surf for a couple of days after our final exams in early December for our own ‘Shortboard Classic’. My Nan and Pa have offered to let us stay at their house on Friday and Saturday but we will need to take some of our own ‘supplies’ as I don’t want Nan to have to do all of the meal preparation. As I quite enjoy cooking, I have decided to make some of the main food items we will eat over the two days. We will need some food items for a casual dinner on Friday and breakfast and lunch on Saturday. I will also need to prepare some savoury and sweet snack items we can take to the beach, as we will no doubt be hungry after spending so long in the water. On Saturday night we will have a celebratory dinner with my Nan and Pa before we leave and so I will need to make a dessert to share for dinner. The dessert needs to be quite special and look spectacular so that it is the ‘grand finale’ to a great weekend. Just as importantly, I can show my Nan that all the hours she spent teaching me how to cook while we were staying at Torquay weren’t wasted! The food will also need to be appealing to us and satisfy our ‘healthy’ appetites. As we will be leaving for Torquay straight after our last exam, all of the food needs to be prepared several weeks in advance and have good keeping qualities. I also want to use a variety of complex processes so that the products I produce are of a very high quality. My Nan is a great fan of television cooking shows and I want to show her that I am now quite a skilled cook too – even if not yet in the league of the experts on her favourite show! 6. IDENTIFY a theme, event or context. WHO: Who has asked you to prepare the product? This might be an individual or a representative of an organisation. Remember to outline or describe some background information about who the product is being prepared for to inform the reader. WHY: Why is the product needed? Discuss the reason or purpose the product needs to be prepared. 7 WHAT: What needs to be prepared? This should be a simple outline or general statement about the product. WHEN: When the product is to be prepared by or served or available. WHERE: Where the product is to be served, displayed or used. 8 Developing your brief Once you have established your ideas, use the 5 W’s chart to write your detailed design brief. Remember to use complete sentences and paragraph format. These five components will form one or two paragraphs of the design brief. Scope of the task – this information must also be included as a part of your design brief: – A range of 4-6 food items – Use at least 4 different complex processes in the production work to produces high quality food 9 Specifications & Criteria for Evaluation You now need to use the information in your design brief to develop the criteria for evaluation. The first step is to identify the specifications (constraints and considerations) in your design brief. 1. On your design brief underline or highlight the specifications. Alternately you could make a list of the specifications. It is important that these are clearly identified. Specifications are the issues or barriers that have been identified in the brief. They will need to be addressed when working through the design process. ‘Considerations’ are flexible restrictions – issues or aspects that need to be taken into account when planning a product. ‘Constraints’ are restrictions, over which the designer has little control, that affect the development of the product. 2. Using the specifications identified, develop approximately 5 to 6 relevant evaluation criteria questions. If you have a lot of specification you might want to combine more that one specification into a question. a. Must be relevant/related to your design brief. b. Must be written before the product or the food items are made c. Should be a set of open-ended questions that need more than yes or no as an answer d. Need to be well-written and clearly expressed 3. These questions will be used to evaluate the set of food items as a single product rather than individual items once you have completed your production work. Students should write clear and in depth responses to evaluation questions. These responses form part of the evaluation component of the task after all the food items have been made. 10 Example: www. vcaa. vic. edu. au/vce/studies/foodtech/foodtechindex. html Of all the sports I have ever played, surfing is without doubt my favourite. I really can’t remember a time when I haven’t been able to surf. My Nan and Pa have had a house at Torquay since I was just a toddler and so we have spent most weekends there every summer. My Pa was one of the original ‘surfies’ at Jan Juc and other beaches along the surf coast and he taught me to surf when I was really young. Two of my friends from school, Ben and Sam, are also keen surfers and so we have decided to head to the surf for a couple of days after our final exams in early December for our own ‘Shortboard Classic’. My Nan and Pa have offered to let us stay at their house on Friday and Saturday but we will need to take some of our own ‘supplies’ as I don’t want Nan to have to do all of the meal preparation. As I quite enjoy cooking, I have decided to make some of the main food items we will eat over the two days. We will need some food items for a casual dinner on Friday and breakfast and lunch on Saturday. I will also need to prepare some savoury and sweet snack items we can take to the beach, as we will no doubt be hungry after spending so long in the water. On Saturday night we will have a celebratory dinner with my Nan and Pa before we leave and so I will need to make a dessert to share for dinner. The dessert needs to be quite special and look spectacular so that it is the ‘grand finale’ to a great weekend. Just as importantly, I can show my Nan that all the hours she spent teaching me how to cook while we were staying at Torquay weren’t wasted! The food will also need to be appealing to us and satisfy our ‘healthy’ appetites. As we will be leaving for Torquay straight after our last exam, all of the food needs to be prepared several weeks in advance and have good keeping qualities. I also want to use a variety of complex processes so that the products I produce are of a very high quality. My Nan is a great fan of television cooking shows and I want to show her that I am now quite a skilled cook too – even if not yet in the league of the experts on her favourite show! Research. Criteria for Evaluation – 1. Have I been able to prepare a range of food items suitable for a casual dinner on Friday and breakfast and lunch on Saturday? 2. Was I able to produce some savoury and sweet snack items suitable to take to the beach? 3. Did the range of food items include a special dessert to share for dinner on Saturday night? 4. Will the food be appealing to young males and will it be filling enough to satisfy ‘healthy’ appetites? 5. Was all of the food able to be prepared several weeks in advance and did it have good keeping qualities? 6. Did I use a variety of complex processes in the preparation of the products to produce high quality products? Constraint: food items for dinner on Friday, and breakfast and lunch on Saturday Consideration: types of food for brecky, lunch and dinner Constraint: sweet snacks to take on the beach Consideration: the type of sweet snacks Constraint: dessert to share at dinner that looks spectacular Consideration: the type of dessert Constraint: food needs to look appealing and satisfy ‘healthy’ appetites Constraint: food will need to be prepared several weeks in advance and have good keeping qualities Constraint: products of high quality Consideration: use a variety of complex processes 11 Criteria 2: Design Plan Criteria 3. Skill in completing research relevant to the design brief, developing ideas, and documenting decisions. ? Skill in completing a range of research relevant to the specifications in the design brief. ? Skill in exploring ideas for possible food items in response to the design brief. ? Skill in selection and justification of the decision made for the set of four to six food items (the product) Very High Comprehensive range of relevant research related to the specification in the design brief. Very detailed exploration and creative formulation of a wide range of ideas in the selection of the set of food items (The product). Highly detailed documentation of thought processes and thorough justification of decision making related to the suitability of selected food items, and detailed reasons why some have be en rejected. 12 Research and exploration – After writing your design brief you will need to ask yourself the following question: What information do you need to know about your theme or idea to help guide your food ideas and final selection? You will need to explore a range of ideas or alternatives in order to make informed decisions about what food items you would like to produce to solve the problem outlined in your design brief. There needs to be creativity in the selection of food items and decisions made in order to solve the problem set out in the brief. This information must be directly related to the specifications in the design brief and should be no more than approximately one to two A3 pages. You will need to use a range of primary and secondary sources. When exploring ideas in order to make decisions students should make use of: – Existing solutions e. g. recipe books Guiding information from people, internet recipes, books, magazines, television etc Primary and secondary sources of information o Primary sources include: ? Visiting a supermarket or fresh food market to observe particular varieties of produce ? Interviewing a grower at a farmer’s market ? Interviewing a person with expert food knowledge ? A visit to a restaurant to sample new foods o Secondary sources include: ? Books ? Magazines? Websites ? Journal articles It is very important that students acknowledge all sources of information using a recognized reference system with footnotes and a bibliography. 13 Example brainstorming ideas You must footnote all of the resources you have used to gather this information. Remember to write the information from your secondary research in your own words and do not include downloads or screen dumps from websites. Prepare a diagram to outline useful information about components or characteristics of the food items that will guide your recipe search and meet the needs of the design brief. You should include 4-5 ideas for each food item. This is not a recipe search but a way of documenting some of your thought processes after you have started your research. This may be a simple, hand-drawn map mind map to capture your initial thought or it can be produced using a software package such as Inspiration or Mindmanager. 14 Selection of recipe ideas Now you must research possible recipe ideas based on the information in your mind map. You will need to have at least three (3) possible ideas for each food item that must also meet the specifications in the design brief. Your selection of the food items MUST be creative and of a Year 12 standard. You will need to make decisions about which products will be most appropriate. It will be helpful to consider the following points before you make your final decision: – You need to prepare a minimum of four and a maximum of six items – Make sure you have the food preparation skills required to prepare each food item to a high quality. – Be creative with the selection of food items – consider interesting combinations of ingredients, as well as the presentation of each item. – Try to be objective in selecting products and don’t just choose food items because they are ones you are familiar with or are special favourites – Make sure that some food preservation techniques are included in the selection of products. – You must also use a range of complex processes in the production processes as well as a variety of cooking techniques. Food solutions 3 & 4 – Third Edition 2010, pg172. Reference Complex Process Cooking Technique / Preservation Comments about how the product will creatively meet the needs of the design brief. Food Item 1: Recipe Name: Recipe Name: 15 – Design Ideas – Recipe Ideas Reference Complex Process Cooking Technique / Preservation Comments about how the product will creatively meet the needs of the design brief. Food Item 1: Recipe Name: Recipe Name: Recipe Name: 16 Reference Complex Process Cooking Technique / Preservation Comments about how the product will creatively meet the needs of the design brief. Food Item 2: Recipe Name: Recipe Name: Recipe Name: 17 Reference Complex Process Cooking Technique / Preservation Comments about how the product will creatively meet the needs of the design brief. Food Item 3: Recipe Name: Recipe Name: Recipe Name: 18 Reference Complex Process Cooking Technique / Preservation Comments about how the product will creatively meet the needs of the design brief. Food Item 4: Recipe Name: Recipe Name: Recipe Name: 19 Reference Complex Process Cooking Technique / Preservation Comments about how the product will creatively meet the needs of the design brief. Food Item 5: Recipe Name: Recipe Name: Recipe Name: 20 The following will record your final selection of food items that will make up your product for production. Hint: use your criteria for evaluation as a way of making decisions about which food items to select as part of your final product. Food Item Specification Complex Process Cooking Method Preservation Technique Item 1: Item 2: Item 3: Item 4: Item 5: Item 6: 21 Justification of selected food items – You must justify each of the food items you have selected individually. – The justification for each food item should be approximately 100 to 150 words in length. – Your discussion should outline how the item meets the specifications in the design brief and may include some or all of the following: o identification of the product o how the product relates to the theme o how the product will meet the other specifications/needs of the brief o identification of any complex process that will be used to prepare the food item o identification and description of cooking methods o if applicable, discussion of the preservation techniques to be used for this item o a discussion of the creativity of the food item o an explanation of why each of the other two recipe ideas were not selected. 22 Criteria 6: Overall production timeline, individual food item production plans and production work Criteria 6. Skill in development, organization and implementation of planning for production. ? Skill in developing an overall production timeline. ? Skill in developing individual production plans for each food items to be made. ? Skill in organisation and implementation of the overall production timeline and individual food item production plans to complete the food items. Very High Completing of a cohesive, carefully considered sequence and clearly presented overall production timeline. Development of a very detailed individual production plans for each food items to be made. A very high level of organisation demonstrated throughout the completion of the food items. * Food orders, production plans all submitted by due dated. * Need to include presentation in any planning documentation. 23 Overall Production Plan The next step in the development of your design plan is to prepare an overall production timeline showing how you will prepare all of the 4 to 6 items you selected in the time you have available. This will help you to organize the sequence in which you will produce each of the chosen food items. It should take into account the length of time each food item takes to prepare along with other commitments Individual work plans will be prepared later. The type of information you will need to include on your overall production timeline is: – The date each food item will be produced – Any preparation which needs to be done prior to preparing the food item such as soaking dried fruit for jam, marinating of meat, selecting jars for preserved products, collecting props for photography. -Note any other important school or personal commitments you will have during this period which will have an impact on you over this time. – 24 March 2013 SUN MON TUES WED THUR FRI 31 SAT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Notes: 25 April 2013 SUN MON TUES WED THUR FRI SAT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 15 Notes:Â  May 2013 SUN MON TUES WED THUR FRI SAT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 15 Notes: 27 June 2013 SUN MON.

Gawadar Port and Sino-Pak Relations

Topic: – Gwadar Port and Sino-Pak relations. Table of Contents:- a . Introduction b . Background c . Historical Location Chapter #1 a. Pakistan China relations b. Strategic Cooperation c. Economic Forecast Chapter # 2 a. Geographical Importance b. Advantages of Gwadar Port Chapter #3 a. China’s Involvement in Gwadar project b. China’s Gain Chapter #4 a. Gwadar port as development Project b. Construction c. Port Operation Conclusion [1] Introduction :- Gwadar port is located at Gwadar city at the entrance of the Persian Gulf on Arabian Sea and about 460 km west of Karachi from Balochistan , Pakistan .Gwadar port , is a deep –sea warm water port ,being constructed in two phases with heavy investment from china . Gwadar has had huge geostrategic significance on my accounts. In 1993 ,Pakistan started technical and financial feasibilities for the development of Gwadar port . The Gwadar port project started on 22 March 2002a. The first phase has been completed b ut officials expect the port’s initial three berths to be operational in the later months of 2007 . Gawadar port was inaugurated on March 19,2007 . Gawadar port is Pakistan’s first deep port that has the capacity to serve virtually all sorts of cargo ships of any size.Background :- Gwadar is located on the southwestern coast of Pakistan,close to on the persain Gulf. More than 13 million of oil pass through the strait . It is strategically located between three increasingly important regions : the oil –rich Middle East, heavily populated south Asia and the economically emerging and resource –loaded region of central Asia . The Gwadar port is expected to generate billions of dollars in revenues and create at least 2 million jobs. In 2007 the government of Pakistan handed over port operations to PSA Singapore for 25 years,and gave it the status of a Tax Free Port for the following 40 years . Historical Location :- The Makran region surrounding Gwadar by anci ent Bronze age people which settled in the few oases . It later became the Gedrosia region of the Achaemenid Persian empire . It later became the Gedrosia region empire . It is believed to have been conquered by the founder of the Persian empire ,Cyrus the Great. During the home ward march of Alexander the great ,his admiral ,Nearchus,led a fleet along the modern –day Makran coast and recorded that the area was dry , mountainous, and inhabited by the Ichthyophagoi an Greek rendering of the Persian â€Å"Mahi Khoran ’’( which has itself become the modern word â€Å" Makran† ).After the collapse of Alexander’s empire the area was ruled by Seleucus Nicator ,one Of Alexander’s generals . The region then came under â€Å" local rule † around about 303 BC and the region remained on the sidelines of history for a millennium ,until the Arab – Muslim army of Muhammad bin Qasim captured the town of Gwadar in AD 711 and over the interven ing amount of time the area was countested by various powers , including the Mughals the safavids.Portugese explorers captured and sacked gwadar in the late 16th century and this was then followed by almost two centuries of local rule by the various Balochi tribes . In 1783 , the Khan of Kalat granted suzerainty over Gwadar to Taimur Sultan , the defeated ruler of Muscat . This governor was then ordered to control the nearby coastal town of chah Bahar ,where the Gwadar fort was built during Omani rule. In 1958 , the Gwadar farm was transferred to Pakistan . It was then made part of the Balochistan province in 2002 , the Gwadar project was begun in the town .The government of Pakistan intends to develop the entire area in order to reduce its reliance in shipping on the port of Karachi . In addition to expanding port facilities , the projects aims to build industrial complexes in the area and to connect the town via a modern highway to the rest of Pakistan . By the end of 2004 the fir st phase had been completed . [2] Chapter # 1 Pakistan – China Relations on Gwadar Port :- Gwadar Port & Karakoram Highway scheduled to be inaugurated on 30th June 2006, . fter the Chinese agreed to provide $ 198 million of the $248 million required for phase 1 of the 26th project. Here is important to note that in the beginning china was not ready to hold this project but finally agreed to fund it provided that it had â€Å" Sovereign guarantees to the port facilities† . Just 250 miles from the state of Hormuz ,through which nearly 40 % of the world’s oil supplies flow, the port is strategically located to serve as a key shipping point in the region .It is of the great strategic value as it augments Pakistan’s imports in the region ,while allowing china to expand and secure its crude oil import routes and simultaneously gain approach to the Persian Gulf . According to MOU signed between China and Pakistan ,China is also to built a 90 km link connecting t he Chinese side of Karakoram highway to the Russian built highway network that connects all the five Central Asian Republics . This regional highway network will directly Gwadar to Xinjiang and the landlocked Central Asian 28 Republics .The Karakoram highway and the coastal highway will both serve as vital trade routes and considering that the existing Karakoram highway already connects Western China to Pakistan ,any further expansion of the line along with prospective linkages to Gwadar road would make it the shortest and most viable route connecting Gwadar 29 to western china . This shows china’s attempt to exert its influence far beyond its borders to sustain its security interest ,as well as merge its friendship with Pakistan through large scale joint projects. Through the construction of the Gwadar port ,Beijing also will gain considerable influence in the region . giving it a strategic entrance to the Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean, while allowing it to closely monito r US naval activity and US – Indian maritime cooperation . The doubtlessly is a cause for alarm and unease to both India and US as the port will enable China to monitor its energy shipments from the Persian Gulf. American suspicion of Chinese intentions at Gwadar is corroborated by an internal report prepared for the Pentagon entitled Energy futures in Asia Which states that Beijing has already has set up electronic eavesdropping posts at Gwadar which monitor ship traffic through the Strait of Hormuz and the 30 Arabian Sea .In addition , the port and the other supporting infrastructure will help mix Pakistan in to the Chinese economy by out sourcing low tech ,basic production and manufacturing jobs , making it into a giant factory floor for China . Having invested $400 million in the project , the port will be available for Chinese imports and export through overland links that stretch across the Karakoram 31 Highway . For Pakistan as well ,the benefits are profound ,where to quote President Musharraf , â€Å" as and when needed the Chinese navy could be in Gwadar to 32 give befitting replies to every one . This statement was further reinforced by Pakistan’s recent designation of the port area as â€Å" a sensitive defense area† . Gwadar would inhibit India’s ability to blockade Pakistan , and permit China to supply Pakistan by land and sea during wartime . Essentially , Pakistan is interested in the project to gain strategic leverage so that it is less vulnerable to the dominant Indian navy . The construction of the port and the highway, by making Pakistan a regional trade –hub for commercial traffic ,will also boost domestic economic development ,and influence the geo – strategic environment of the region .The port will enable the transfer of Central Asia’s vast energy resources to world markets , earning Pakistan significant profits in transits fees, as well as attract considerable investment into Balochista n . In addition , discussions are already underway to designate the Gwadar port as a free trade ,while some members of the Pakistani business community advocate the eventual designation of the Gwadar port as an export processing zone with special incentives extended to Chinese companies .Moreover ,the opening of international trade through Gwadar can create new stakeholders in Afghanistan who will become beneficiaries of the transportation trade to Central Asia . Gwadar thus presents a good opportunity for fostering good neighborly relations between Pakistan and the region to its immediate northwest . However, the success of the port and ,in general ,the effectiveness of the agreements signed between the two nations will depend essentially on internal development in Pakistan. [3] Strategic co-operation:-Gwadar is the height of Sino-Pakistani strategic cooperation . It is a modern port city that is supposed to link Central Asia, western china, and Pakistan with markets in Mildest and Africa . It’s supposed to have roads stretching all the way to China. Some reports in the American media , however , have accused Pakistan and China of building a naval base in the guise of a commercial seaport directly overlooking international oil shipping lanes . The Indians and some other regional actors are also not comfortable with this project because they see it as commercial competition.What Mr. Bugti’s regional and international supporters never expected is Pakistan moving firmly and strongly to nip his rebellion in the bud. Even Mr . Bugti himself probably never expected the Pakistani state to react in the way it did to his betrayal of the homeland . He was killed in a military operation where scores of his armed force surrendered to Pakistan army soldiers . US intelligence and their Indian advisors could not cultivate an immediate replacement for Mr Bugti . So they moved to plan B.They supported Abdullah Mehsud, a Pakistani Taliban fighter held for five ye ars in Guantanamo Bay, and then handed over back to the Afghan government, only to return to his homeland, Pakistan, to kidnap two Chinese engineers working in Balochistan, one of whom was killed during rescue operations by the Pakistani government . Islamabad could not tolerate this vague figure , who was creating a following among ordinary Pakistanis camouflaged as a Taliban while in reality towing a vague agenda . He was rightly eliminated earlier this year by Pakistani security forces while secretly returning from Afghanistan after meeting his handlers there. 4] Economic Forecast :- The government declared port a â€Å" Special zone† in the budget ,2003-2004 . All banks will open their branches ,five star hotels will be built ,offshore banking will be started ,factories, warehouses, and storage will be set up ,the tourism industry will be promoted in the area ,an export processing zone will be set up , making Pakistan a very attractive place for direct foreign investment ,and Gwadar port a regional hub of trade and investment activities. Chapter# 2 Geopolitical Importance: The Gwadar port is emerging as a place of great strategic value.It is enhancing Pakistan’s importance in the whole region. It is extending from the Persian Gulf through the Indian Ocean to South Asia and the Far East. Gwadar is located on the Southwestern coast of Pakistan. It is very close to the important Straits of Hormuz, through which more than 13 million bbl of oil passes. It is strategically located between three increasingly important regions of the world: heavily populated South Asia, the oil rich Middle East and the economically emerging and resource rich Central Asia. The construction of The Gwadar deep sea port is just one part f a larger development plan which includes building a network of roads connecting Gwadar with the rest of Pakistan, such as the 650 km Coastal Highway to Karachi and The Gwadar-Turbat road(188 km). This network of roads connects Pakistan with China through the Indus Highway. China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan and Uzbekistan are developing extensive rail and road links from Central Asia and the Chinese province of Xinjiang to the Arabian Sea Coast. The Pakistani Government has initiated several projects with china’s technical and financial assistance.These projects are inaugurated to develop Gwadar’s strategic location as a good transit and trade point. The primary project is the construction of deep sea port at Gwadar, which would enable high –volume cargo movement to and from the landlocked Central Asian States. The new port will also include conversion facilities to allow for the movement of natural gas as a part of plans for the termination point for the Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan natural gas pipeline. The secondary project is coastal highway which is connecting Gwadar to Karachi.Its cost, $200 million will be completely financed by Chinese. Gwadar will serve as a port of entry fo r gas and oil to be transported by land to Western regions of China. The significance of Gwadar port is great to both, Pakistan and China. In near future Pakistan will be able to make strong strategic plans because in past Indian navy made it very difficult for Pakistan navy base at southwest Karachi. China is going to be recipient of Gwadar’s most accessible international trade routes to the Central Asian republics and Xiajiang.Beijing can receive cargo to and from Gwadar through shortest route, Karachi to Peshawar, by extending its East West Railway from the Chinese border city of Kashi to Peshawar in Pakistan’s North West. To supply oil from the Persian Gulf to Xiajiang, the rail network could also be. Internal rail network of Pakistan can also provide china with rail access to Iran. Rail access will however be hampered somewhat by difference in gauge: Pakistan-1676; Central Asia-1524mm; China and Iran-1435mm. Advantages of Gwadar Port:Gwadar is located on the Gulf of Oman which is close to the entrance of Persian Gulf. It is about 460 km west of Karachi. Pakistan started feasibility studies for the development of a major deepwater sea port at Gwadar in 1993. The port project began on 22 March 2002. Its first phase completed in December 2005. The construction of the port has prompted other major infrastructure projects in area. This includes the 700 km Makran Coastal highway which is now complete. The road links Karachi with several ports along the coast including Pasni, Ormara and Gwadar.It will be extended to Iranian border in future. The Highway has reduced travel time to Karachi from 48 hrs to only 7 hrs. Other road projects include the Gwadar-Quette-Chaman road which is completed now, and a road link to the town of Khuzdar in Eastern Balochistan. There are plans for a terminal for passenger ships. The Civil Aviation Authority of Pakistan has embarked 3000 acres of land for Gwadar International Airport . It will be built 26 km away to the northeast of existing airport towards Pasni. Its cost approximation is between $200-250 million.The new airport would be given International status. It will operate under open sky policy. There are also plans to improve facilities at the existing airport. Railways: In 2005, Minister of Railway said,† The government is focusing on laying the Havelin-Kashghar (China) and Quetta-Kandahar (Afghanistan) railway tracks†. In 2006. Minister of railway announced that Gwadar will be connected to Pakistan Railway network at an expected cost of $1. 25 billion (Rs. 75 billion)[5] Chapter# 3 China’s Involvement in the Gwadar port: Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao inaugurated the Gwadar deep sea port.Through which china would be able to take a Giant Leap Forward in gaining a foothold in the Persian Gulf region. It will advance what a recent Pentagon report describes as Beijing’s â€Å"String of Pearls† strategy that aims to protect China’s energy security at home and project Chinese power overseas. Gwadar is a fishing village on the Arabian Sea Coast in Pakistani province of Balochistan. Balochistan shares border with Iran and Afghanistan to the west. Gwadar is just 72km from Iranian border. The important thing is Gwadar’s closeness to the Persian Gulf.It is situated near the entrance of this strategic body of water, and about 400 km from the Strait of Hormaz, a major channel for global oil supplies. Pakistan identified Gwadar as a port site in 1964. But significant steps toward making the proposal a reality were taken in 2001, when China agreed to participate I n the construction and development of Gwadar deep sea port. The arrival of United States in Afghanistan in 2001, at China’s doorstep encouraged Beijing to step up its involvement in the Gwadar project. Chinese vice premier Wu Bangguo laid the foundation for Gwadar port in March 2002.China’s involvement in the project is immense. The total cost of the project is e stimated US$1. 16 billion, of which China has contributed about $198 million for the first phase, almost four times the amount Pakistan has invested for this phase, which include of three multi-purpose ship berths. China has invested $200 million for building a highway, which connects Gwadar port with Pakistan’s largest city, Karachi (an other sea port on the Arabian Sea). The second phase which may include nine more berths, an approach channel and storage terminal, will also be financed by China.Beside its financial help China has sent 450 engineers and provided technical expertise for the project. In recent year, bilateral trade has steadily increased between China and Pakistan. Both countries have highlighted the immense economic returns that development of Gwadar port holds out for them, as well as others in the region. China’s Gains:- Zia Haider, an analyst at the Washington-based Stimson Center, writes that Gwadar provides China â€Å"a transit terminal for crud e-oil imports from Iran and Africa to China's Xinjiang region†.The network of road and rail connecting Pakistan with Afghanistan and Central Asian republics that is envisaged as part of the Gwadar project and to which China will have access would provide Beijing an opening into Central Asian markets and energy sources, in the process stimulating the economic development of China’s backward Xinjiang region†. [6] For China, Gwadar’s strategic value is because of its closeness to the Strait of Hormuz. About 60% of China’s energy supplies come from the Middle East.China has been anxious that the US, due to its high presence in region, could stop these supplies. â€Å"Having no blue water navy to speak of, China feels defenseless in the Persian Gulf against any hostile action to choke off its energy supplies,† points out Tarique Niazi, a specialist in resource based conflicts, in the Jamestown Foundation’s China Brief. [7] A presence in Gwad ar provides China with a â€Å"listening post† where it can monitor US naval activity in the Persian Gulf, Indian activity in the Arabian Sea.A recent report titled â€Å"Energy Futures in Asia† produced by defense contractor Booz Allen Hamilton for the Pentagon notes that China has already setup electronic eavesdropping posts at Gwadar, which are monitoring maritime traffic through the Strait of Hormuz and the Arabian Sea. Drawing attention to China’s â€Å"string of pearls† strategy, the reports point out that â€Å"China is building strategic relationships along the sea lanes from the Middle East to South China Sea in ways that suggest defensive and offensive positioning to protect China’s energy interests, but also to serve broad security objectives†. 8] The port and naval base in Gwadar is part of â€Å"string of pearls†. The other â€Å"pearls† in the string include facilities in Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia an d South China Sea that Beijing has acquired access to by diligently building ties with governments in these countries. The Pentagon report sees China’s efforts to defend its interests along oil shipping sea lanes as â€Å"creating a climate of uncertainty† and threatening â€Å"the safety of all ships on the high seas†. This perception neglects the fact that China’s â€Å"string of pearls† strategy has been prompted by its sense of insecurity.The United States irresistible presence in the Gulf and the control of its exercises over the Malacca Strait, through which 80% of China’s oil imports pass, has added enormously to Beijing’s fears that Washington could stop its oil supply, in the event of hostilities over Taiwan. China’s foothold in the Arabian Sea has set off alarm bells in India, Iran and US. For India, China-Pakistan collaboration at Gwadar and China’s presence in the Arabian sea intensifies its feeling of hold b y China from all sides.Iran sees the development of Gwadar port in its neighborhood as likely to grind down the significance of its ports, especially Chabahar port that India has helped to construct-to central Asia and Afghanistan. However, Iran’s good relations with Central Asian Republics and Afghanistan would help it to maintain its advantage Pakistan’s Gwadar port. Ultimately, the extents to which Pakistan and China are able to reap economic and strategic gains from Gwadar project depend on the challenges to it from within their borders.Chapter# 4 Development Projects: Oman: Oman has offered $100 million aid for the development of social and infrastructure facilities in Balochistan. Out of $100 million, Oman has provided $7 million for extending of runway at Gwadar Airport, construction of jetties, up gradation of Gwadar Hospital and construction of power house. Oman is also financing construction of Gwadar Hoshab Road, water supply scheme in Gwadar area and constr uction of irrigation dams.Pakistan and Oman have signed a number of agreements which include Avoidance of Double Taxation, Promotion and Protection of Investment, Cultural, Educational and Technical Co-operation, Agreement on cooperation between Oman Chamber of Commerce and Industry and FPCCI, Maritime Boundary Agreement and Agreement to establish Pak-Oman Joint Investment Company. The closeness to Oman is an advantage to Pakistan. Around 70,000 Pakistani citizens are participating in the development of Oman. Omani assistance for construction of Gwadar port is going a long way in promoting economic relations between Gwadar-Pakistan and Central Asian States. 9] Pakistan: Pakistan is linking Gwadar with Karachi through networking of roads. It’s also enabling Central Asian States in north, to use Gwadar as a port for their trade. Water supply is being improved, seven jetties are being constructed and local fishermen are being given motor engine run boats. The local hospital is a lso upgraded. A number of electric power generation projects are also being carried out in Gwadar and its surroundings. The Quetta Electric Supply Company (QESCO), a subsidiary of Wapda, has geared up the work for the building the power transmission line.It is expected to be completed soon. Airport: Gwadar has a small airport which is basically meant for Fokker aircraft. But the need is to expand this airport and enlarge its runway to facilitate the landing of wide body aero-planes. CAA has upgraded the Gwadar Airport for the landing of Airbuses. Gwadar airport is open air and after its inauguration the jet planes are also landing at it. A sum of 2. 3 million dollars is being utilized from Omani grant. The Pakistan government and the Civil Aviation Authority are also contributing Rs563. 35 million for this purpose.Dry Port: China wants to set up a dry port near the Pakistan-China border, so that Western China could also benefit from Gwadar seaport. It will create the ribbons of econ omic activity and hundreds of new jobs along proposed highway linking Gwadar with the Karakoram highway in the north. Construction: Dubai ports World, announced on June 1, 2006 that it will spend $10 billion to develop transport infrastructure and real estate in Pakistan. Dubai port World is also discussing the possibility of the company taking over operational management of Gwadar port in Balochistan.Emaar Prosperities, announced on May 31, 2006 there real estate developments in the cities of Islamabad and Karachi in Pakistan. The projects, with a total investment of $2. 4 billions, will include a series of master planned communities that will set new benchmarks in commercial, residential and retail property within Pakistan. In addition the conglomerate signed a exceptional $43 billion deal to develop two island resorts, Bundal Island and Buddo Island, over the next decade. Port Operations:Port of Singapore took over the management of Gwadar port by the end of January 2007. Port of Singapore was the highest bidder for the Gwadar port after Dubai Ports world backed out of the bidding process. Originally, the chairman of DP world, Sultan Ahmad bin Sulayem, who met President Pervez Musharraf on May 5th 2006, expressed a strong hope for the management of facilities at the strategic Gwadar deep-sea port and development of infrastructure in the southern port city everywhere in Pakistan. But a decision was taken not to bid, when India’s Security Council voiced concerns bout DP World’s projects in India, alongside its plan in Pakistan, and Sultan Ahmad bin Sulayem assured the Indians their pull out was well considered and Indian need not have any security concerns. The port will now be in competition with Dubai. Conclusion: The project of Gwadar port which was commenced on 22 March 2002, by China will enhance co-operation between Pakistan and China in the field of engeering and technology. The significance of this project is great for both countries. Gw adar is located on the Gulf of Oman close to the entrance of Persian Gulf.China is going to be the beneficiary of Gwadar’s most accessible international trade routes to Central Asian Republics and Xinjiang. Pakistan’s rail network can also provide China with rail access to Iran. For Pakistan, the economic returns from Gwadar port stem from its location near the Strait of Hormuz, through which 40% of the world oil passes. Gwadar could emerge as a key shipping point, bringing Pakistan desirable income, and when combined with the surrounding areas could become a trade hub, once rail and road links connect it to the rest of Pakistan, Afghanistan and Central Asia.A road from Gwadar to Saindak is the shortest route between Central Asia and sea. Gwadar would provide landlocked Afghanistan and the Central Asian republics with access to sea. Goods, oil and gas reserves from these countries could be shipped to global markets through Gwadar port. The development of Gwadar could b ring economic gains to backward Balochistan. The infrastructure development of the province could make it an attractive investment destination. Bibliography: 1) Stefan Helders, World Gazetteer. â€Å"Gwadar†. 2) Daily Times. Gwadar deep seaport to generate two million jobs†. 3) Khaleeq Kiani, â€Å"Dawn. 40-year tax relief for Gwadar port operators†. 4) Jona Lendering, Livius. org. â€Å"Gedrosia†.. 5) Dott. Beatrice Nicolini, Oman Studies Centre. â€Å"International trade networks: The Omani Encalve of Gwadar† 6) Gwadar vision , http://www. gwadar. com. pk/new/gwadar. asp? var=vision 7) Development projects http://www. gwadar. com/new/gwadar. asp? var=devppojectsver the next decade 8) Latif, S. M. 1892. Lahore. Lahore: New Imperial Press, reprinted 1981, Lahore: Sanndhu Printers. ) Low, D. A. The Political Inheritance of Pakistan. London: Macmillan. 1991. 10) Papanek, G. F. Pakistan’s Development: Social Goals and Private incentives. 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